Regulations regarding the registration and operation of pain management clinics do not apply to the following settings:

• a medical or dental school or an outpatient clinics associated with a medical or dental school;
• a hospital, including any outpatient facility or clinic of a hospital;
• a hospice established under 40 TAC §97.403 (relating to Standards Specific to Agencies Licensed to Provide Hospice Services) or defined by 42 CFR §418.3;
• a facility maintained or operated by this state;
• a clinic maintained or operated by the United States;
• a nonprofit health organization certified by the board under Chapter 177 of this title (relating to Certification of Non-Profit Health Organizations);
• a clinic owned or operated by a physician who treats patients within the physician's area of specialty who personally uses other forms of treatment, including surgery, with the issuance of a prescription for a majority of the patients.

Note: The TMB cannot give legal advice. Please consult an attorney if you have questions regarding whether or not your clinic meets one of the exemptions listed above. However, the Board does have inspection authority, and owners of clinics that have not been properly registered can be investigated.

A pain management clinic may not operate in Texas unless the clinic is owned and operated by a medical director who: • is a physician who practices in Texas • has an unrestricted medical license • holds a certificate of registration for that pain management clinic   In addition, the owner/operator of a pain management clinic, an employee of the clinic, or a person with whom a clinic contracts for services may not: • have been denied, by any jurisdiction, a license issued by the Drug Enforcement Agency or a state public safety agency under which the person may prescribe, dispense, administer, supply, or sell a controlled substance; • have held a license issued by the Drug Enforcement Agency or a state public safety agency in any jurisdiction, under which the person may prescribe, dispense, administer, supply, or sell a controlled substance, that has been restricted; or • have been subject to disciplinary action by any licensing entity for conduct that was a result of inappropriately prescribing, dispensing, administering, supplying, or selling a controlled substance   A pain management clinic may not be owned wholly or partly by a person who has been convicted of, pled nolo contendere to, or received deferred adjudication for: • an offense that constitutes a felony; or • an offense that constitutes a misdemeanor, the facts of which relate to the distribution of illegal prescription drugs or a controlled substance as defined by Texas Occupations Code Annotated §551.003(11)   The medical director of a pain management clinic must operate the clinic in compliance with Drug Prevention and Control Act, 21 U.S.C.A. 801 et.seq. and the Texas Controlled Substances Act, Chapter 481 of the Texas Health and Safety Code, relating to the prescribing and dispensing of controlled substances. The medical director of a pain management clinic must, on an annual basis, ensure that all personnel: • are properly licensed, if applicable, • are trained including 10 hours of continuing medical education related to pain management, and • are qualified for employment.

Per Board Rule 195.4(e), the medical director or owner/operator of the pain management clinic, must on annual basis, ensure all personnel are properly licensed and, if applicable, have the requisite training to include 10 hours of continuing medical education (CME) annually in the area of pain management. This CME requirement applies to all personnel providing medical services to the patients (including, but not limited to: PAs, x-ray techs, phlebotomists, RNs, MAs, etc.). Office staff, such as managers, janitors, etc. who do not provide medical services, would not be required to meet the CME requirement, but would need to be listed in response to a pain clinic audit which requires listing all clinic personnel for that clinic. Documentation of the completed CME course shall be required to be made available upon request by Board Staff, including, but not limited to, during an on-site audit of the clinic, or during the certificate renewal process. The Board does have the authority to conduct audits and inspections at clinics to ensure compliance with all requirements and regulations pertaining to registered pain clinics, including audits of CME training as required.

Yes.  SB 406 clarified that it is necessary to have prescriptive authority to order these devices.  In the past, it was not clear to DME suppliers that APRNs and PAs had this authority.  The changes to the law as a result of the passage of SB 406 clearly indicate that APRNs and PAs may order or prescribe this equipment provided all requirements for delegation of prescriptive authority are met.  

SB 406 eliminated site based prescriptive authority.  The law is silent regarding the practice location of the physician and its proximity to the practice site of the APRN or PA. That said, there has been no change in the law that requires that a physician must provide adequate supervision of delegates. In any given case, the distance between a physician’s primary practice and the practice site at which the physician’s delegates provide medical services may be an important factor in determining the quality of the physician’s supervision. 

All prescriptive delegation requires adequate supervision under the Medical Practice Act.  As such, a physician delegating to an APRN or PA must adequately supervise those individuals.  An individual physician may serve in both the supervising and delegating role and does not need to be physically present at all times to be considered to have adequate supervision.

APRNs and PAs are required to have delegated authority from a licensed physician in order to provide medical aspects of patient care. Historically, this delegation has occurred through a protocol or other written authorization. Rather than requiring multiple documents, delegation protocols can now be included in one document the prescriptive authority agreement. The prescriptive authority agreement need not describe the exact steps that an advanced practice registered nurse or physician assistant must take with respect to each specific condition, disease, or symptom, however.

No.  Free standing clinics, centers or other medical practices that are owned or operated by or associated with a hospital or long term care facility that are not physically located within the hospital or long term care facility are not considered facility based practices.  Prescriptive authority agreements are required in these settings.

In a hospital facility based practice, the delegating physician may be the medical director, the chief of medical staff, the chair of the credentialing committee, a department chair, or a physician who consents to the request of the medical director or chief of the medical staff to delegate.  

In a long term care facility based practice, delegation is by the medical director.

Yes, potentially. Although physicians are not required to supervise CRNA’s for delegated tasks, they nonetheless remain subject to potential liability for violations of the standard of care by CRNAs, depending on federal and state statutes and regulations. The degree to which a physician is required to supervise a CRNA during the performance of a task in anesthesia services is left to the “physician’s professional judgment in light of other relevant federal and state laws, facility policies, medical staff bylaws, and ethical standards.” (Texas Attorney General Opinion No. JC-0117). However, physician supervision during the medical management of a patient while undergoing an anesthetic may require supervision dependent on federal and state statutes and regulations.

Additionally, Texas Attorney General Opinion No. KP-0353 found “In authorizing physicians to delegate the administration of anesthesia to CRNAs, the Legislature did not expressly limit the liability of the delegating physician. See TEX. OCC. CODE § 157.058; cf. id. § 157.004(c) (providing that in specified circumstances a physician who issues a standing delegation under chapter 203 generally “is not liable in connection with an act performed under that standing delegation order”). Thus, we cannot conclude that the liability of a physician delegating the administration of anesthesia to a CRNA is limited solely to the determination of competency. Questions of physician liability in any specific context are highly factual and not an appropriate determination for the opinion process. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-0446 (2006) at 18 (“Questions of fact are not appropriate to the opinion process.”) (Page 4 with emphasis added.)

Regardless of the circumstances when supervision is or is not required, it is important to remember that the delegating physician must abide by all required federal and state statutes and regulations regarding delegation.  The physician retains responsibility of the medical management of the patient.  Therefore, the delegating physician must consider the delegatee’s education, training, and experience prior to delegating.  Additionally, delegation may be revoked by the delegating physician at any time.

The Texas Attorney General has issued three opinions on CRNA supervision.  The latest opinion found that although physician supervision of a CRNA is not required in Texas Occupations Code Sec. 157.058, other federal and state statutes and regulations may require physician supervision of a CRNA, a CRNA may not administer an anesthetic that is a controlled substance outside the presence of a physician, and the Legislature did not expressly limit the liability of the delegating physician.

Specifically, Texas Attorney General Opinion KP-0353 found “Section 157.058 of the Occupations Code does not, by itself, require a physician who properly delegates anesthesia-related tasks to a certified registered nurse anesthetist (“CRNA”) to supervise the performance of those acts.” (Page 5)

However, KP-0353 also found “…the language of chapter 157 is not the only relevant authority to consider in addressing the question of physician supervision over acts delegated to a CRNA.  Federal regulations limiting Medicare coverage and conditioning hospital participation in Medicare and Medicaid programs require physician supervision of a CRNA when administering anesthesia in certain circumstances. See, e.g., 42 C.F.R. §§ 416.42(b)(2), 482.52(a)(4), 485.639(c)(1)(v), (2) (requiring a CRNA to operate under a physician’s supervision when administering anesthesia in certain circumstances). Furthermore, a CRNA may not administer an anesthetic that is a controlled substance outside the presence of a physician. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE §§ 481.002(1)(A) (defining “administer” to require agent to apply controlled substance in presence of physician), .071(a) (prohibiting physician from causing controlled substance to be administered under physician’s “direction and supervision” except for valid medical purpose and in course of medical practice). And a CRNA may not obtain an anesthetic that is a dangerous drug unless a physician has listed that CRNA as the physician’s designated agent. See id. §§ 483.001(4) (defining “designated agent”), .022(a) (requiring physician to name each designated agent in writing). (Page 3 with emphasis added.)

Finally, KP-0353 found “Whether and the extent to which physician supervision is required for an act delegated to a CRNA will depend on the specific act delegated, the type of facility in which the CRNA performs the act, and any relevant regulations of that facility.  And while section 157.058 authorizes a physician to delegate to a CRNA, a physician is never required to do so. If a physician is concerned about a CRNA’s ability to perform a delegated act or desires to limit the delegation, the physician retains the authority to refrain from delegating, to limit the delegation, or to supervise the delegation to whatever extent the physician determines necessary. In sum, the authority to delegate provided by section 157.058 of the Occupations Code does not eliminate the need to comply with all other applicable statutes, regulations, bylaws, ethical standards, and a physician’s own professional judgment. See TEX. OCC. CODE § 157.007 (“An act delegated by a physician under [chapter 157] must comply with other applicable laws.”). (Page 4 with emphasis added.)

APRNs or PAs may prescribe schedule II drugs in the following situations:

(1) in a hospital facility-based practice, in accordance with policies approved by the hospital's medical staff or a committee of the hospital's medical staff as provided by the hospital's bylaws to ensure patient safety and as part of care provided to a patient who:

(A) has been admitted to the hospital for an intended length of stay of 24 hours or greater; or

(B) is receiving services in the emergency department of the hospital; or

(2) as part of the plan of care for the treatment of a person who has executed a written certification of a terminal illness, has elected to receive hospice care, and is receiving hospice treatment from a qualified hospice provider.

 APRNs and PAs must consult with the delegating physician for refills of a prescription for controlled substances after the initial 90 day supply.  Consultation is also required when prescribing controlled substances for children under the age of two years.  In both cases, the consultation must be documented in the patient’s medical record.

For physicians only:

If another state board requires your examination grades, please be advised that most physicians will have to contact the Federation of State Medical Boards to obtain examination scores.

Federation of State Medical Boards
400 Fuller Wiser Rd.
Suite 300
Euless, TX 76039-3855
Tel. (817) 868-4000

A small percentage of physicians can obtain verification of examination scores from TMB.

• If you were licensed before 1976 and
• you took the Texas State Board Medical Exam,

please call the Pre-Licensure, Registration and Consumer Services at (512) 305-7030 to confirm the location of your scores.

There is no fee for this verification.